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Course
Code :: CY1101 |
(L-T-P) :: 2+2+0 |
Credits
:: 4 |
| Detailed syllabus: | |
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Unit 1: Chemical Bonding Module 1.1: Valence Bond Theory VBT, H2 Molecule, Potential energy curve, Limitations of Valence Bond Theory, Hybridization, Sp, Sp2, Sp3 & Characters of hybrid orbitals. | |
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Module 1.2: Molecular orbital Theory Introduction, Origin of lowering of energy, Bonding Orbital, Antibonding orbitals, Gerade and Ungerade symmetry, H2, He2, Co, No and CN- MO Diagrams. | |
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Module 1.3: Crystal Field Theory Introduction, Splitting of d-orbitals, Factors affecting splitting of d-orbitals, Spectrochemical series, Tetrahedral complexes, Square Planar complexes and Octahedral complexes, Ligan field stabilization energy. | |
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Unit 2: Coordination Compounds Module 2.1: Coordination number, Chelate effects Coordination number, Examples of different complexes showing different coordination numbers and Stereo-chemistries, Chelates and Chelating effects, Application of chelate compounds. | |
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Module 2.2: Applications of Coordination Complexes Applications in qualitative analysis, quantitative analysis, Photography, Electroplating, Extraction of metals, Biological applications, analytical chemistry, Use of Organic sequestering agents in the removal of interference in gravimetric estimations, Detection and determination of complexes, Jobs method, Limitation of jobs method. | |
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Module 2.3: Bio-Inorganic Chemistry Introduction, Importance of Sodium, Potassium & Chlorine, functions and excretion. Toxic metals and their toxicity (Pb, As, Hg); metallo porphyrins, Haemoglobin, Chlorophyll & nitrogenase enzyme. | |
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Module 2.4: Environmental aspects Toxicity of metals, Inorganic and organic compounds, Toxic metals (Hg, As & Pb), CO, Natural Processes, Control of CO emissions, CO2 and global warming SO2 sources and removal, Non-ferrous smelters, NO2 and control of NOx emissions. | |
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Unit 3: Organic reactions and mechanisms Module 3.1: Elimination Reactions Elimination reactions, Types of Elimination, α β γ - elimination reactions with examples and mechanisms, E1 & E2 reactions with examples and mechanisms. | |
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Module 3.2: Addition & Substitutions reactions Addition reactions, Electrophillic, Nucleophilic and free radical addition reactions, Examples with mechanism substitution reactions, Electrophilic, Nucleophilic and free radical substitution reactions, examples with mechanisms. | |
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Module 3.3: Bio- Organic Reactions Amino acids, Peptide linkage, methods of representing a peptide structure, Reactions in Synthesis of peptides, Lipids, Functions of lipids, Classification, Occurrence, Lipid metabolism, Steroids, Cholesterol, analysis of fats and oils. | |
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Module 3.4: Polymerization Introduction, Additional & Condensation polymerization, Free Radical Polymerization, Reaction Mechanism, Ionic Polymerization examples with reaction mechanisms. | |
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Module 3.5: Catalytic reaction Intermediate compound formation theory with examples, Drawbacks in mechanism, adsorption or contact theory examples with mechanism, Factors affecting the adsorption theory, Mechanism of enzyme catalysis, characteristics of enzyme catalysis. | |
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Unit 4: Stereochemistry Module 4.1: Stereo Chemistry of Natural Products Stereochemistry of rings, steroids with examples, natural rubber, tacticity and mechanism. | |
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Module 4.2: Stereo chemistry of Biomolecules Amino Acids, Asymmetric synthesis of amino acids, L-DOPA, Aspartame, Proteins, β - Pleated Sheet. | |
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Unit 5: Spectroscopy Module 5.1: Microwave Spectroscopy Electromagnetic radiation, General Principles of Spectroscopy, Spectrometer, Spectrum, Microwave Spectroscopy, principles, Rotational spectra of diatomic molecules, Selection rules. | |
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Module 5.2: Applications of microwave spectroscopy Determination of bond length of polar molecules, Dipolemoment of a molecule, isotopic mass of an element with examples and problems. | |
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Module 5.3: IR Spectroscopy Principle, different types of vibrations, Hook's law, Characteristic frequencies of different groups, Instrumentation. | |
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Module 5.4: Applications of IR Spectroscopy Interpretation of IR Spectroscopy, Some examples and their spectral analyses, Alkanes, Alkenes, Alkynes, aromatic compounds, Alcohols & Phenols, Carbonyl compounds, Carboxylic acids, application of IR Spectroscopy. | |
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Module 5.5: UV Visible spectroscopy: Introduction; colour and light absorption; absorption spectra; VBT; Molecular orbital approach to colour; selection rules for UV - visible spectrum; Types of electronic transitions; conjugation effect; transition probability; chromopore, auxochrome, Bathochromic shift, Hypsochromic shift, Hyperchromic shift, Hypochromic shift, applications of UV vis spectroscopy Spectral problems based on UV, IR & Microwave spectroscopy | |
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Module 5.6: NMR Spectroscopy Fundamentals of NMR, Examples | |
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Module 5.7: Circular Dichroism (CD) Basics of circular dichroism | |
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Unit 6: Electrochemistry Module - 6.1: Electrochemical cells, Types of electrodes, Metal-metal ion electrodes, Metal - insoluble salt-anion electrodes, Gas-ion electrodes, Hydrogen gas electrode, Oxidation-reduction electrodes, Amalgam electrodes | |
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Module -6.2: Types of cells, primary cells, secondary cells, Fuel cells, concentration cells, amalgam concentration cells, gas concentration cells, electrolytic concentration cells, measurement of EMF of a half cell, experimental procedure, standard cell, daniel cell, Weston standard cadmium cell, lead acid storage cell | |
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Module 6.3: Application of EMF measurements, determination of pH using hydrogen electrode, quinhydrone electrode, glass electrode, determination of valency of the ions, potentiometric titrations, acid-base titrations, Redox titrations | |
| Module 6.4: Thermodynamic data, enthalpy and entropy of cell reactions, reversible cells | |
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Module 6.5: Activity coefficients, fugacity, activity, determination of activities and activity coefficients from cell potentials, Ionic strength | |
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Module 6.6 : Solubility product, determination of solubility product and problems | |
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Module 6.7 : pH, determination of pH using calomel electrode, pH meter, acidity & basicity constants of a base, extent of deprotonation of a weak acid, polyprotic acids, amphiprotic systems, base titrations & pH curve, calculation of pH of a titration of strong acid with a strong base, strong acid with a weak base and weak acid with a strong base. | |
| Module 6.8: Corrosion, factors affecting the corrosion, nature of metal, nature of environment, temperature, humidity , pH, conductance, Theories of corrosion, various corrosion reactions in wet corrosion, anodic reactions, cathodic reactions, chemical corrosion, dry corrosion comparison of electrochemical corrosion and chemical corrosion | |
| Module 6.9: Prevention of corrosion, protective coating metal, non- metallic coatings, cathodic and anodic protection, corrosion inhibitors (organic & inorganic) | |
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Unit 7: Kinetics of Chemical reactions Module 7.1: Complex reactions Reversible reactions, kinetics, examples of reversible reactions, graph | |
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Module 7.2: Consecutive reactions Definition, kinetics, graph , examples of consecutive reactions | |
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Module 7.3: Parallel reactions Definition, Kinetics, examples of parallel reactions, Weg scheider's test for side Reaction | |
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Module 7.4: Steady state approximation Definition, kinetics, examples for rate determination | |
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Module 7.5: Chain reactions Chain reactions, types of chain reaction, chain reaction steps, kinetics, stationary & non -stationary reaction | |
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Module 7.6: Kinetics of photochemical reactions Definition, Stark- Einstein law of photochemical equivalence, photo physical process, fluorescence, phosphorescence, photochemical reactions, kinetics, photochemical reaction between H2 and Br2 | |
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Unit 8: Thermodynamics Module 8.1 Concept of entropy: Entropy as a state function, Entropy of the universe of a spontaneous process increases, entropy changes in an isothermal system, entropy change for a change in volume or pressure of an ideal gas, physical significance of entropy, entropy and unavailable energy, entropy and disorder, entropy and probability | |
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Module 8.2: Chemical potential Definition, derivation using Gibbs free energy, explanation of Gibbs energy of a mixture, Chemical potential of a pure, ideal gas, partial molar quantities and additivity rule, Gibbs Duhem equation | |
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Module 8.3 Equilibrium conditions for closed systems Entropy and equilibrium, condition for mechanical equilibrium, theory of equilibrium, condition for equilibrium, table of equilibrium conditions. | |
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Module 8.4 Phase and reaction equilibrium Phase equilibrium, phase, components, degrees of freedom, definitions with examples, phase diagrams of water system, lead silver system, chemical equilibrium in a mixture, degree of advancement of a reaction, Free energy change , Effect of adding inert gas to equilibrium | |
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Module 8.5: Maxwell relations Fundamental equations of thermodynamics, Maxwell relations and derivation | |
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Module 8.6: Real gases & Real solutions Critical constants, thermodynamics of ideal solutions, characteristics of ideal solution, Gibbs free change of mixing (ΔGmix), ΔGmix in terms of chemical potential, Raoult's law, deveation of raoult's law, non-ideal solutions and colligative properties, Real gases and Real solutions | |
Detailed
Syllabus: